Gardening with the Hymenoptera (and yet not)

Contents

• Bees
• Wasps
• Mimics
• Photographing Insect Activity
• Related Content
• Recommended Reading
• Links

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One of the great pleasures of gardening is observing the activity the garden invites. I can lay out the welcome mat, and set the table, but the guests decide whether or not the invitation is enticing enough to stop by for a drink, a meal, or to raise a family. While charismatic megafauna such as birds and mammals are entertaining, the most common and endlessly diverse visitors are insects.

The Hymenoptera includes bees, wasps, and ants. Although my garden also provides amply for ants, we'll stick with the bees and wasps today. Following are some of the few portaits I've been able to capture of the many visitors to my gardens. The pollinator magnet, Pycnanthemum, Mountain-mint, in the Lamiaceae, provides the stage for many of these photos. I'm always amazed at the variety and abundance of insect activity it attracts when blooming.

Multiple pollinators on Pycnanthemum

Bees

There are over 250 species of bees native to New York City alone. I'm still learning to identify just a handful of the dozens of species that frequent my garden.

My current favorite is the bejeweled Agapostemon, Jade Bee

Bombus impatiens, Common Eastern Bumblebee, on Monarda fistulosa


Coelioxys, Cuckoo Bee. I think I've got several species from the genus visiting my garden, but I've yet to get identification for the others. These are in the Megachilidae, the Leaf-cutter and Mason Bee family. Bees in this family typically carry pollen on hairs beneath their abdomens, instead of in pollen baskets on their legs. You can see this bee isn't carrying any pollen; it doesn't even have the hairs beneath its abdomen to do so. It doesn't need to, because it takes over the pollen-provisioned nests of other leaf-cutter bees for its own young.

Wasps

Bicyrtes quadrifasciatus


Euodynerus hidalgo boreoorientalis, Potter/Mason Wasp, Eastern subspecies


Sphex ichneumoneus, Great Golden Digger Wasp

Mimics

Along with the Hymenoptera come the mimic flies. Many of the seeming bees and wasps, seen from a distance, turn out to be flies on closer inspection. In "the field," i.e.: my garden, there are two features that provide quick distinction between the two familes:

• Antennae: Flies have short, clublike antenna, like feelers, in the center of the face, between the eyes. Bees and wasps have long, segmented antenna arising higher up on the face, almost from the top of the head
• Eyes: Flies' compound eyes are huge, covering nearly all of their face. Bees and wasps have compound eyes that wrap partially along the sides of their heads.

The feet are also different, but I usually don't notice those until I'm browsing and culling my shots. Finally, bees and wasps have four wings, while flies only have two - Di-ptera, two-winged.

The Syrphidae/Flower-Fly family hosts countless mimics of bees and wasps.

Eristalis arbustorum on Hydrangea


Eristalis transversa, Transverse Flower Fly


Their tactics of mimicry are not limited to patterns and colors. Many species have evolved body modifications to mimic even the shapes of wasps and bees.

Syritta pipiens provides a good example of this. This is the most wasp-like fly I've found yet in my garden, though more extreme mimics exist. Glimpsed from behind as it moves quickly over the flowers, it could easily be mistaken for a tiny wasp.


Viewed from the side, or the front, Syritta is more obviously a fly, not a wasp, and a dedicated mimic.


Toxomerus geminatus sports a radically flattened abdomen. This seems to be an adaptation to present a wider area from above, as a predator might view it, for displaying its mimicry, while preserving a smaller volume and keeping weight down.



I wonder what they are mimicing? Might some of these mimics mirror actual target species, not just general "bee-ness" or "wasp-ness"? If so, I would expect to find both the mimic and subject in the same range, and exhibit the same phenology. For example, Toxomerus bears a resemblance to Agapostemon at a quick glance.

Photographing Insect Activity

This is my setup for doing live insect macro photography "in the wild," i.e.: in my garden. The lens is a specialized macro lens that allows for an extremely close focusing distance, though I'm not taking advantage of it in this example. I target some flowers with lots of insect activity, in this case, a local ecotype of Monarda fistulosa, in the Lamiaceae, the Mint Family. Then I wait for insects to visit the flowers, within range of the camera.


I use the tripod handle to pivot up and down; it turns side-to-side easily. Ease of rapid movement with stability is critical, as the insect subjects move rapidly over each inflorescence, and from bloom to bloom. Still, the tripod only steadies my own shaky hands. The insects, of course, are moving, but so are the plants, which sway with the slightest breezes. A fast auto-focus helps; a quick hand is still needed when automation fails.

The mobility allows me to track a single insect as it moves around, and capture different shots, and perspectives, on the same individual. This is critical for identification, since I don't know until later what the key features to look for might be. It's often some tiny detail, only revealed from some obscure angle, that distinguishes the species.

My subjects, while largely oblivious to my actions, are not cooperative. I have to shoot hundreds of photos to get a few good shots that are in focus, free of motion blur, and have enough of the right details to identify the species, or at least narrow down to the family. This was never possible, or at least not economically feasible, before digital photography.

Macro shot of Pycnanthemum inflorescences, with common objects for scale: left, pencil eraser, right, U.S. nickle coin.


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Related Content

Gardening with the Lepidoptera
Eristalis transversa, Transverse Flower Fly
Sphecius speciosus, Eastern Cicada Killer

Flickr photo sets

Hymenoptera, Bees and Wasps
Agapostemon, Jade Bee
Bicyrtes quadrifasciatus
Bombus impatiens, Common Eastern BumbleBee
Coelioxys, Cuckoo Bee
Euodynerus hidalgo boreoorientalis, (Eastern subspecies), Potter/Mason Wasp
Sphex ichneumoneus, Great Golden Digger Wasp

Diptera, Flies
Eristalis arbusturom
Eristalis transversa, Transverse Flower Fly
Syritta pipiens
Toxomerus geminatus

Recommended Reading

The trifecta:

• Eric Grissell, Bees, Wasps, and Ants: The Indispensable Role of Hymenoptera in Gardens
• Douglas W. Tallamy, Bringing Nature Home: How You Can Sustain Wildlife with Native Plants
• The Xerces Society, Attracting Native Pollinators:Protecting North America’s Bees and Butterflies

Links

The bug geeks at BugGuide are awesome. Only through their generous sharing of knowledge and expertise have I been able to identify my little visitors. They cover the United States and Canada.

The international Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation has lots of information about gardening - and farming - with insects in mind, especially native bees. Their book, Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America’s Bees and Butterflies, is outstanding.